Banana slugs emerge in the redwood understory
June 6, 2026
The air beneath the coast redwoods holds its moisture even as summer settles over the Peninsula. Here in the dappled light of Edgewood Park's redwood groves, where fog drifts between the ancient trunks and the forest floor stays soft underfoot, California banana slugs emerge from their dry-season retreat. These yellow-green mollusks, some as long as your hand, begin their slow traverse across fallen logs and through the ferns that carpet the understory.The California banana slug moves through this threatened ecosystem at its own deliberate pace, following chemical trails invisible to us but rich with information. Its muscular foot secretes mucus that both lubricates its path and carries scent molecules from other slugs that have passed this way. The slug's four retractable tentacles sample the air constantly. The upper pair detects light and movement; the lower pair tastes the chemical signatures of food, mates, and territory. What appears to be wandering is actually navigation through a landscape of scent.These slugs serve as decomposers in the redwood ecosystem, breaking down fallen leaves, bark, and the fruiting bodies of fungi that grow on decaying wood. Their rasping tongue, covered in thousands of tiny teeth, scrapes away layers of organic matter that would otherwise accumulate on the forest floor. As they feed, they distribute fungal spores throughout the grove, carrying them on their bodies and depositing them in their waste. This dispersal connects the root networks of the towering redwoods to the mycorrhizal fungi they depend on for nutrient uptake. The banana slug's slow movement actually accelerates the forest's ability to recycle nutrients and maintain the soil chemistry that supports these ancient trees. During breeding season, which peaks now in early summer, the slugs also engage in elaborate courtship rituals that can last for hours. They are hermaphrodites, each individual carrying both male and female reproductive organs, and their mating involves careful positioning and mutual fertilization. After mating, they deposit clusters of translucent eggs in moist soil beneath logs or in the shelter of fern fronds, where the eggs will develop through the remaining warm months.If you find yourself walking quietly through redwood groves anywhere along the coast, pause and scan the ground near fallen logs. The banana slug's yellow coloration, bright against the brown duff, evolved as a warning to potential predators about the toxic compounds in its skin. Watch how it extends and retracts its tentacles, testing the air around a piece of bark or a mushroom before committing to feed. Notice how its trail glistens briefly in whatever light filters down through the canopy above you.
Hummingbird trumpet opens to summer visitors
May 22, 2026
The air carries the scent of warming earth and new growth across the Stanford foothills. Cliff swallows call from their mud nests tucked under the eaves, their voices weaving through the morning as toyon flowers open white and clustered in the understory. This is the season when the landscape shifts from spring's tentative emergence into summer's full engagement, and nowhere is this more visible than in the bright orange trumpets now appearing along the hillsides.Hummingbird trumpet stands knee-high among the grasses, its narrow leaves silver-green and soft to the touch. The flowers emerge in terminal clusters, each bloom a perfect tube of coral-orange that flares into four petals at the mouth. These are not the delicate pastels of spring wildflowers but something bolder, built for the intensity of California summer. The plant has been growing steadily since early spring, sending up new shoots from its perennial base, and now it enters its most critical season. Each flower opens for just a few days, but the plant will continue blooming through late summer, creating a months-long window of opportunity.The orange trumpets are designed for hummingbirds, and Anna's hummingbirds do visit them regularly, their bills fitting perfectly into the narrow tubes to reach the nectar at the base. But watch closely and you will see other visitors working the flowers with equal dedication. Native sweat bees, small and metallic green, land on the flower faces and push their way inside, emerging dusted with pollen. Carpenter bees, large and purposeful, grip the petals with their legs while they probe for nectar. The invasive European woolcarder bee, now established in these hills, also works the flowers, though it often cuts through the base of the tube rather than entering through the mouth, stealing nectar without providing pollination services in return. The plant tolerates this theft. It produces enough flowers and enough nectar to sustain both legitimate pollinators and opportunistic thieves.As each flower finishes blooming, the ovary begins to swell into a long, narrow capsule that will split into four sections when ripe, releasing seeds topped with silky white hairs that catch the wind. This dual strategy, nectar for immediate pollinator relationships and wind-dispersed seeds for long-term spread, has allowed hummingbird trumpet to establish itself across diverse habitats from coastal bluffs to inland valleys. The plant gives generously to its pollinators now, in these warm weeks when insect activity peaks and nesting birds need reliable food sources. The bees carry its pollen to other plants scattered across the hillside, ensuring genetic diversity and successful seed set.
Monarch caterpillars feeding on summer milkweed
June 25, 2026
The milkweed plants along the edges of Redwood City's open areas are at full summer growth right now, their broad leaves thick and upright in the long afternoon light. If you find one, look closely at the undersides. You may see a small clutch of pale, ridged eggs the size of a pinhead, or a caterpillar working its way across the leaf surface in alternating bands of white, yellow, and black.Monarchs are laying eggs here now, at the peak of the summer breeding season. A female finds milkweed by landing and pressing the tarsi of her forelegs against the leaf surface. She is tasting it. Milkweed produces cardenolides, a group of toxic steroids that most insects cannot process. The monarch can, and has built its entire life cycle around that fact. Once she confirms the plant, she lays a single egg on the underside of a leaf, often choosing younger, softer growth that a newly hatched caterpillar can manage. She will visit dozens of plants over the course of a day, distributing her eggs widely rather than concentrating them in one spot.When an egg hatches, the caterpillar's first meal is often the egg casing itself. Then it begins on the leaf. It feeds steadily and grows through five distinct stages over roughly two weeks, shedding its skin between each one. The cardenolides it ingests do not harm it. They accumulate in its tissues instead, making the caterpillar unpalatable to most predators. The bold banding is part of this arrangement: the pattern is a signal, and it works because predators that have tried a monarch caterpillar once tend not to try again. A scrub-jay that takes one and spits it out is less likely to take another. The caterpillar does not hide. It feeds in the open.Common milkweed, the species most associated with monarchs in the eastern part of their range, is present in this area in cultivated and naturalized patches. In California, monarchs also use narrowleaf milkweed and showy milkweed, both native to the state. The relationship is specific enough that where milkweed disappears from a landscape, monarchs stop breeding there. The plants have been reduced across much of California by land conversion, herbicide use, and the removal of roadside vegetation. Monarchs in California are listed as threatened, and their breeding populations have declined sharply over the past several decades. The patches that remain, including those near Redwood City, carry real weight in the regional picture.The adult monarchs you may see nectaring right now are not the same individuals that will migrate south in late summer. The ones flying today are summer breeding adults. They will lay eggs, and some of their offspring will eclose as adults in time to make the migration to the California coast, where monarchs overwinter in groves of eucalyptus and Monterey pine. The migratory generation lives longer and does not reproduce until the following spring, when it moves inland again to find milkweed and begin the cycle. The summer generation and the migratory generation are physiologically different, though they are the same species. What determines which type a caterpillar becomes is still not fully resolved.
